1.作定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前。如果被修飾的詞是something，anything，everything，nothing等，則分詞放在這些詞之后。分詞短語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞之后。
例如：
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)這是一本有趣的書。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗戶坐著的那個(gè)人是我們的數(shù)學(xué)老師
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人開的機(jī)器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌的學(xué)生多數(shù)是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned…)被問(wèn)的許多村里人都拒絕。
注意：(1)分詞作定語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
現(xiàn)在分詞 動(dòng)名詞
A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)臥車
A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飛鳥 A flying course(a course for flying)飛行課程
A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池
The running water(the water that is running)流水 The running track(the track for running)跑道
分詞和它所修飾的名詞有
邏輯上的主、謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞則沒(méi)有這種關(guān)系，而表示它所修飾的詞的用途或有關(guān)動(dòng)作。
現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀，動(dòng)名詞所修飾的名詞則不必重讀。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或差不多同時(shí)發(fā)生)。
例如：
Who is the boy dancing over there?在那兒跳舞的少年是誰(shuí)呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘們有危險(xiǎn)。
如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上有先后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，而往往用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那個(gè)人會(huì)回來(lái)的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老師要找打破了窗子的那個(gè)學(xué)生談話。
(3)be的現(xiàn)在分詞being不能用作定語(yǔ)(可用作狀語(yǔ)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的助動(dòng)詞)。表示這種概念時(shí)，也用主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一個(gè)當(dāng)工人的兄弟。
2、作狀語(yǔ)。分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式等意義。表示時(shí)間和原因的分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。
例如：
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)學(xué)生們看見老師走進(jìn)房間，都站了起來(lái)。 (時(shí)間)
Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金屬受熱而膨脹。(條件、時(shí)間)
Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我興奮得睡不著覺(jué)。(原因)
Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。)
他是個(gè)學(xué)生，所以對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣。(原因)
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李華和他的同學(xué)們受到楊博士講話的鼓舞，決定更加努力學(xué)習(xí)物理。 (原因)
The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子們笑著走開了。(行為方式)
The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，許多學(xué)生圍著他。(行為方式)
While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看報(bào)時(shí)，父親不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。(時(shí)間)(分詞前，可加表示時(shí)間的連詞while或when。)
3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例如：
Can you get the machine going again?你能使機(jī)器再動(dòng)起來(lái)嗎?
You should have your hair cut。你該理發(fā)了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看見他來(lái)了。
4、作表語(yǔ)。
例如：
The film is very moving。這部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作業(yè)做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.參觀者看上去很驚訝。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看見孩子們?cè)诓莸厣仙⒉健?/div>
5、作句子獨(dú)立成分(分詞有自己的
邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。)
例如：
Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗幟飄揚(yáng)，軍隊(duì)在街上行進(jìn)。
All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折斷，半死不活地躺著。
分詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。如果不一致，必須用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，也就是在分詞前面加上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子與莎莉談了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，解釋她為什么不想讓孩子們?cè)谝黄鹜妗?現(xiàn)在分詞explaining是句子主語(yǔ)my wife做的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。(過(guò)去分詞given表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)the trees承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我們到那山洞探險(xiǎn)，彼得做向?qū)А?(獨(dú)立主格)
The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面可以加上連詞或介詞，但是分詞短語(yǔ)和句子之間不能用并列連詞(如but，and)，因?yàn)椴⒘羞B詞接的是兩個(gè)并列成分，而分詞短語(yǔ)只是全句的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)部分。分詞和主句之間可用逗號(hào)。
例如：
誤：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。
正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意：(1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子的主語(yǔ);否則要用從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。
例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看，看見那兒有許多人。 (looking out of the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)，就是句子的主語(yǔ)I。)
(2)在see，hear，watch，notice等動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，通常表示(強(qiáng)調(diào))動(dòng)作從開始到結(jié)束的全過(guò)程。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我們坐了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(兩小時(shí)一直在看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn))
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我們走過(guò)教室，看見老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(只是在走過(guò)教宰的一剎那間，看見老師正存做實(shí)驗(yàn))
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看見他走進(jìn)房間，打開抽屜，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一個(gè)接一個(gè)的一系列動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他們坐在角落里在談?wù)撌裁疵孛苁聝骸?(表示幾個(gè)同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在分詞)
(3)在“have+賓語(yǔ)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞表示的意義不同。在“have+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是主體讓(叫、使、聽任、允許)客體做的，或使客體保持或處于某種狀態(tài)。
例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他讓火日夜燃燒著。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父親讓我整個(gè)署假天天游泳。
在“have(get)+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往是別人做的或與主體的意志無(wú)關(guān)。
例如：
Mary had her dress washed。瑪麗叫別人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)
had his legs broken。他的腿骨折斷了。(表示與主體意志無(wú)關(guān)的客觀遭遇)
I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
They had Jack beaten。他們叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打)
(4)分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞有“主動(dòng)”、“進(jìn)行”、“使”等意義;過(guò)去分詞有“被動(dòng)”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意義。
例如：
The story is interesting。這個(gè)故事很有意思。(故事使人感興趣)
He is interested in dancing。他對(duì)舞蹈感興趣。
(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)和作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞形式相同，但兩者的意思不一樣。
試比較:
They are moving their bed.他們正在搬床。 (are moving是謂語(yǔ)，表示主體的動(dòng)作)
The story is very moving.這個(gè)故事很感人。 (moving是表語(yǔ)，表示主體的特征)
Her homework was done by her sister.她的作業(yè)是她姐姐做的。 (was done是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Her homework is well done.她的作業(yè)做得很好。( done是表語(yǔ))
(6)generally speaking(一般地說(shuō))，roughly speaking(粗略地說(shuō))，strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格地說(shuō))等現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，在句子中作插入語(yǔ)。
例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。
一般地說(shuō)，二十歲的足球隊(duì)員比四十歲的強(qiáng)。
(7)分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，而獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)是不同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home.
末班公共汽車已開走了，我們只好走路回家。
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